Universities training medicine and pharmacy in Vietnam — a 2026 map of history, faculties and students

On 8 January 1902, Governor-General Paul Doumer signed the decree that founded the École de Médecine de l'Indochine in Hanoi and appointed Alexandre Yersin — at that point already famous for his work on plague — as its first director. Thirteen Francophone students entered the inaugural class. It was the second institution of higher learning ever opened in Vietnam after the Temple of Literature, and the first modern university anywhere in the country. One hundred and twenty-four years later, that single school has multiplied into a national system of roughly thirty-five accredited universities and academies training doctors, dentists, traditional-medicine physicians, pharmacists, public-health specialists, nurses and medical technologists. This is a 2026 map of that system: its history, the regulatory frame it sits inside today, and the institutions that actually run the classrooms.

The historical arc, 1902–2026

The 1902 school was elevated by Albert Sarraut in 1913 into the Université de médecine et de pharmacie de l'Indochine; a formal pharmacy section was added in 1914. The 1930s saw it renamed École Supérieure de Médecine et de Pharmacie. During the First Indochina War (1945–54) the institution evacuated to the Việt Bắc liberated zone for nine years. The first post-revolutionary cohort was inaugurated on 15 November 1954 with only thirty-seven staff — yet by that point the school had already produced 442 Vietnamese pharmacists, more than twelve times the colonial output. After Geneva, a parallel southern Faculty of Medicine grew inside the University of Saigon (formed in 1947 under Prof. C. Massias).

On 29 September 1961 the Ministry of Health issued Decision 828/BYT-QĐ splitting the parent Hanoi institution into two: Đại học Y Hà Nội (HMU) and Đại học Dược Hà Nội (HUP), with pharmacist Vũ Công Thuyết as HUP's first rector; HUP began operating independently in early 1964. The late-1960s and 1970s brought a wave of regional schools as the wartime northern state pushed health-cadre training out into the provinces: on 23 July 1968, Government Council Decisions 114/CP and 116/CP created the Thái Bình and Thái Nguyên branches of HMU. The Huế medical school had been founded earlier, on 28 March 1957. Tây Nguyên's Faculty of Medicine opened on 11 November 1977. HMU's Campus II in Hải Phòng opened in September 1979 and was elevated to a standalone university (Hải Phòng Medical University, HPMU) by Decision 06/1999/QĐ-TTg of the Prime Minister. The Mekong Delta's medical faculty inside Cần Thơ University also dates to July 1979; it became the independent University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Cần Thơ in December 2002.

In the south, post-reunification reorganisation produced — on 27 October 1976 — the Trường Đại học Y Dược Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh (UMP-HCMC) out of the former Saigon Faculty of Medicine. A second southern public flagship, the Trường Đại học Y khoa Phạm Ngọc Thạch, grew out of a 1989 Healthcare Training Centre run by the city of Ho Chi Minh; it was upgraded to university status on 1 July 2008 and remains, unusually, under the HCMC People's Committee rather than the Ministry of Health.

The 2000s and 2010s introduced national-university-embedded schools, dedicated technical and traditional-medicine schools, and the first sustained wave of private entrants. The Vietnam National University in Hanoi created its School of Medicine and Pharmacy on 20 May 2010 and upgraded it into the Trường Đại học Y Dược, ĐHQGHN on 27 October 2020. The Vietnam National University in Ho Chi Minh City founded Khoa Y on 23 June 2009 and on 3 June 2024 elevated it into the Trường Đại học Khoa học Sức khỏe — ĐHQG-HCM by Decision 472/QĐ-TTg. The Học viện Y Dược học cổ truyền Việt Nam was created on 2 February 2005 by promoting the 1957 Central Traditional Medicine Cadres School. The Trường Đại học Điều dưỡng Nam Định, the country's first specialist nursing university, was upgraded on 26 February 2004 by Decision 24/2004/QĐ-TTg. The Trường Đại học Kỹ thuật Y tế Hải Dương followed on 12 July 2007, and the Trường Đại học Kỹ thuật Y - Dược Đà Nẵng on 15 April 2013 by Decision 595/QĐ-TTg.

The 2020s brought premium private players. VinUniversity opened its College of Health Sciences in October 2020, with Penn Medicine and Weill Cornell as strategic partners and an ACGME-International accredited residency programme — only two institutions in Southeast Asia hold ACGME-I recognition. Trường Đại học Phenikaa, rebuilt from the 2007 Thành Tây University after Phenikaa Group's 2017–2018 acquisition, has built out a full health-sciences cluster including medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, traditional medicine, nursing, biomedical engineering and ten more programs. At the same time the regulator tightened the screws: Luật Khám bệnh, chữa bệnh 2023 (Luật 15/2023/QH15) and Nghị định 96/2023/NĐ-CP took effect on 1 January 2024, shortening supervised post-graduation practice from eighteen to twelve months and introducing a single National Medical Licensing Exam to be phased in from 2027 (see below).

The regulatory frame

Medical and pharmacy training in Vietnam sits under joint authority. Bộ Y tế (Ministry of Health) owns the clinical content, hospital placements, residency tracks and the practising licence; Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo (Ministry of Education and Training) owns programmatic accreditation, admission quotas (chỉ tiêu) and degree titles. Typical durations are six years for Y khoa (general medicine, MD), Răng-Hàm-Mặt (dentistry, RHM) and Y học cổ truyền (traditional medicine); five years for Dược (pharmacy, B.Pharm) and for some preventive-medicine and public-health degrees; and four years for Điều dưỡng (nursing), Hộ sinh (midwifery) and the medical-technology subspecialties (laboratory, imaging, rehabilitation).

After graduation, doctors take one of two tracks. The default is twelve months of supervised practice at a hospital (reduced from eighteen by Nghị định 96/2023/NĐ-CP) leading to the Chứng chỉ hành nghề khám bệnh, chữa bệnh, the practising certificate. The competitive track is the Bác sĩ Nội trú residency — traditionally three years at HMU, UMP-HCMC, Hue UMP or Phạm Ngọc Thạch — open only to top-scoring graduates and considered the de-facto entry to academic medicine. The post-graduate specialist ladder runs through Chuyên khoa I and Chuyên khoa II, parallel to MoET's MSc and PhD streams.

The most consequential 2020s reform is the National Medical Licensing Exam, run by the Hội đồng Y khoa Quốc gia (National Medical Council, established 2020 with WHO endorsement in May 2021). The phase-in, confirmed by the Council and reported in 2026 by VietnamNet and Vietnam News, is: doctors from 1 January 2027 (first sitting planned for December 2027 at six computer-based centres, covering general practitioners, preventive-medicine doctors, traditional-medicine doctors and dentists); assistant doctors, nurses and midwives from 1 January 2028; laboratory technicians, clinical nutritionists, pre-hospital emergency-care personnel and clinical psychologists from 1 January 2029. Practitioners licensed before those cut-offs are grandfathered. Programmatic accreditation, in parallel, is increasingly cross-referenced to AUN-QA — the Trường Đại học Y Dược Huế has been a pioneer there — and, for some private schools, to FIBAA.

Aggregate stats

By the Ministry of Health's end-2024 reporting (cited in Người Lao Động), Vietnam reached 14 doctors per 10,000 population, up from 12.5 in 2023 and 9.8 in 2020, against a target of 15/10,000 by 2025. Total active doctors are about 125,000 against a population over 100 million. The 2025 bed-density target is 33 beds per 10,000. Combined 2024 admission quotas at the largest schools (UMP-HCMC 2,516; HMU 1,720, raised to 1,910 in 2025 including the new Thanh Hóa branch; HUP 940; Hue UMP 1,690; TUMP Thái Nguyên 1,380; DUMTP Đà Nẵng 1,224 in 2025; Vinh Med 1,010 in 2025; VNU-Hanoi UMP 647; THUV 266) suggest a national MD + Dược + RHM + YHCT + Điều dưỡng + KTYH intake in the order of 25,000–30,000 per year, though MoET does not publish a single consolidated headline number. The flagship teaching-hospital network is dense: HMU sends students through BV Bạch Mai, BV Việt-Đức, BV K and its own BV ĐH Y Hà Nội; UMP-HCMC works through Chợ Rẫy, BV ĐH Y Dược TP.HCM, BV Nhân dân Gia Định, BV Từ Dũ and BV Nhi Đồng 1 and 2; Hue UMP through BV Trung ương Huế; the Học viện Quân y through BV Quân y 103 and BV Bỏng Quốc gia Lê Hữu Trác; Phạm Ngọc Thạch through BV Nhân dân 115 and BV Nguyễn Tri Phương.

Tier-1 flagships

Trường Đại học Y Hà Nội (HMU, Hanoi). 1 Tôn Thất Tùng, Đống Đa. Founded 8 January 1902. Public, civilian, MoH, national key university. Faculties cover Y khoa, Răng-Hàm-Mặt, Y học cổ truyền, Y học dự phòng, Y tế công cộng, Điều dưỡng-Hộ sinh, Kỹ thuật Y học, Khúc xạ nhãn khoa, Tâm lý học and a limited Dược programme. 2024 intake 1,720; 2025 intake 1,910 across nineteen majors including the new Thanh Hóa branch. Vietnam's most prestigious medical school by selectivity, faculty roster and clinical network.

Trường Đại học Y Dược TP.HCM (UMP-HCMC). 217 Hồng Bàng, Quận 5. Founded 27 October 1976 from the 1947 Saigon Faculty of Medicine. Public, civilian, MoH. Eight faculties — Y khoa, Dược, Răng-Hàm-Mặt, Khoa học cơ bản, Điều dưỡng và Kỹ thuật Y học, Y học cổ truyền, Y tế công cộng — plus the teaching hospital BV ĐH Y Dược TP.HCM. 2024 quota 2,516, the largest single intake in the country. The dominant trainer of southern Vietnam's physicians, dentists and pharmacists.

Trường Đại học Dược Hà Nội (HUP). 13–15 Lê Thánh Tông, Hoàn Kiếm. Founded 29 September 1961 by splitting from HMU; pharmacy lineage runs back to 1914. Public, civilian, MoH. Single-discipline pharmacy university with departments in Industrial Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Management and Economics, and Clinical Pharmacy. 2024 intake 940. Pivoting toward a research-oriented university model. HUP's pharmacists are dominant in DAV (Drug Administration of Vietnam) and large domestic manufacturers.

Trường Đại học Y Dược, Đại học Huế (Hue UMP). Founded 28 March 1957 as Hue University's medical school; renamed Hue UMP in 2007; Faculty of Pharmacy added in 1999 — among the first three pharmacy programmes in Vietnam and the first in the central region. Public, civilian, member school of Hue University. 2024 quota 1,690. AUN-QA pioneer for several programmes.

Trường Đại học Y Dược Cần Thơ (CTUMP). 179 Nguyễn Văn Cừ, Ninh Kiều. Medical faculty inside Cần Thơ University from July 1979; independent UMP since December 2002; 30.95-hectare campus opened December 2010. Six faculties plus a university hospital; about 3,000 students and 657 staff including 446 academics. The Mekong Delta's medical-workforce engine.

Trường Đại học Y Dược Hải Phòng (HPMU). HMU Campus II from September 1979; standalone university by Decision 06/1999/QĐ-TTg; renamed Y Dược on 11 November 2013 (Decision 2153/QĐ-TTg). About 10,000 alumni in 40+ years. Northeast Vietnam's hub.

Trường Đại học Y Dược Thái Bình (TBUMP). Founded 23 July 1968 (Decision 114/CP) as a wartime HMU branch; full university 24 January 1979 (Decision 34/CP); renamed Y Dược on 11 November 2013 (Decision 2154/QĐ-TTg). Six faculties including preventive medicine, traditional medicine, public health, nursing and pharmacy, plus a university hospital. Strong YHDP / community-medicine tradition tied to the Red River Delta.

Trường Đại học Y Dược, Đại học Thái Nguyên (TUMP). Roots in the 1950s Việt Bắc Medical Technicians School; HMU mountain-region branch from 1968 (Decision 116/CP); independent in 1975; merged into the multi-campus Đại học Thái Nguyên in 1994; pharmacy faculty added in October 2008. Around 8,000 students and 1,500–1,800 yearly intake (2024 quota 1,380). The leading trainer for ethnic-minority highland provinces.

Trường Đại học Y Dược, Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội (VNU-UMP). Founded 20 May 2010 as VNU's School of Medicine and Pharmacy; upgraded to university status on 27 October 2020; Faculty of Dentistry created 23 December 2022; Faculty of Medicine created 20 November 2023. 2024 quota 647. Member school of VNU-Hanoi (so under MoET, not MoH) — the youngest of the elite "national university" medical schools and an autonomy-framework experiment.

Trường Đại học Khoa học Sức khỏe — ĐHQG-HCM (University of Health Sciences VNU-HCM). Linh Trung campus, Dĩ An (now Bình Dương). Khoa Y founded 23 June 2009 under first Dean Prof. Đặng Văn Phước; upgraded to standalone university on 3 June 2024 by Decision 472/QĐ-TTg. Programmes: Y khoa, Răng-Hàm-Mặt, Dược, Y học cổ truyền, Điều dưỡng, Y học dự phòng. Bilingual / innovative curriculum, high-quality intake via VNU-HCM Common Assessment.

Other public universities and faculties

Khoa Y Dược, Trường Đại học Tây Nguyên (TTN). Buôn Ma Thuột, Đắk Lắk. Faculty founded 11 November 1977 with the host university; Y khoa, Điều dưỡng, Kỹ thuật xét nghiệm Y học, with CK1 in internal medicine and an MSc in Parasitology-Entomology. Affiliated with BV Đa khoa Đắk Lắk and BV ĐH Tây Nguyên. The only multidisciplinary university serving the Central Highlands.

Trường Đại học Y khoa Phạm Ngọc Thạch (PNTU). 86/2 Thành Thái, Quận 10, HCMC. Founded as a city training centre in 1989; upgraded to university on 1 July 2008. Public but run by the HCMC People's Committee. Faculties: Y khoa, Răng-Hàm-Mặt, Điều dưỡng, Kỹ thuật Y học, Y tế công cộng. Explicit mission to supply doctors for the city's commune-level network.

Trường Đại học Y khoa Vinh (VMU). Vinh, Nghệ An. Founded 13 July 2010 (Decision 1077/QĐ-TTg) from the 2003 Nghệ An Medical College, itself from the 1960 Nghệ An Assistant Doctor School. 2025 quota 1,010. Also trains Laotian healthcare staff. Serves the North Central Coast.

Trường Đại học Kỹ thuật Y tế Hải Dương (HMTU). Hải Dương. Founded as Hải Dương Physician Assistants School on 5 September 1960; university on 12 July 2007. Y đa khoa plus medical imaging, laboratory and rehabilitation technicians; about 13,000 alumni in the first ten years. The country's leading dedicated medical-technology university.

Trường Đại học Kỹ thuật Y - Dược Đà Nẵng (DUMTP). Đà Nẵng. Lineage from the Trường Cán bộ Quân-Dân y Trung Trung Bộ (26 March 1963) in Quảng Ngãi during the resistance war; university status 15 April 2013 (Decision 595/QĐ-TTg). 2025 quota 1,224. The only MoH-direct medical-technical university in Central Vietnam — distinct from the SMP-UDN below.

Trường Y Dược, Đại học Đà Nẵng (SMP-UDN). Đà Nẵng. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy created inside the University of Đà Nẵng in 2007; elevated to a standalone constituent school on 6 June 2024. After seventeen years had trained fourteen cohorts — four of GPs, seven nursing, one dentistry, two pharmacy. 2024 intake 300. MoET (member of University of Đà Nẵng).

Trường Đại học Điều dưỡng Nam Định (NDUN). Nam Định. Predecessor 1960 Nam Định Medical School; merged into TBUMP in 1988, separated in 1991, upgraded to Vietnam's first specialist nursing university on 26 February 2004 (Decision 24/2004/QĐ-TTg). The only fully dedicated nursing university and trainer-of-trainers for Vietnam's nursing faculty.

Trường Y Dược, Đại học Trà Vinh (TVU SMP). Trà Vinh. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy created at TVU; elevated to constituent School of Medicine and Pharmacy in 2024 — TVU's fourth constituent school. Y khoa, Răng-Hàm-Mặt, Dược, Y học dự phòng, Điều dưỡng, public health; affiliated with the university hospital. Ethnic-Khmer healthcare service mission.

Military and specialist academies

Học viện Quân y (Vietnam Military Medical University, VMMU). 160 Phùng Hưng, Phúc La, Hà Đông, Hà Nội. Founded 1949 as the School of Military Medicine; renamed Military Officer Medical School (1957–62), Institute of Military Medicine (1962–66), Military Medical College (1966–81), promoted to academy in 1981; offers civilian-format GP training since 1982. Public, military, under the Ministry of National Defence. Two main teaching hospitals: BV Quân y 103 and BV Bỏng Quốc gia Lê Hữu Trác, plus the Military Institute of Clinical Embryology and Histology. More than 25,000 doctors and pharmacists and over 90,000 medical officers trained. Civilian intake admitted via a separate quota with military-service obligations. Vietnam's top postgraduate medical research output.

Học viện Y Dược học cổ truyền Việt Nam (VUTM, Vietnam University of Traditional Medicine). 2 Trần Phú, Hà Đông, Hà Nội. Roots: Central Traditional Medicine Cadres School (1957) → Tuệ Tĩnh School of Traditional Medicine (1969) → academy on 2 February 2005. Bác sĩ Y học cổ truyền (six-year), pharmacist YHCT, CK1, CK2, MSc and PhD. About 600 faculty and staff including eleven professors and associate professors and twenty-six CKII. International partnerships with China, Korea, Taiwan, India, Ukraine and the Czech Republic. The largest BS YHCT trainer in the country, with a sister flagship in Khoa Y học Cổ truyền at UMP-HCMC for the south.

Private universities

VinUniversity — College of Health Sciences. Vinhomes Ocean Park, Gia Lâm, Hà Nội. Inaugurated October 2020 by Vingroup; MD (six-year, English-medium), BSc Nursing, and graduate residencies in Internal Medicine, Surgery and Paediatrics. Private non-profit. Strategic partners Penn Medicine and Weill Cornell. ACGME-International accredited residencies — one of only two SE Asian schools to hold this. Dean Prof. Maurizio Trevisan.

Trường Đại học Phenikaa — Khoa Y, Khoa Dược. Yên Nghĩa, Hà Đông, Hà Nội. Founded 10 October 2007 as Thành Tây University; acquired and rebranded by Phenikaa Group 2017–2018. Health cluster by 2021 covering Y khoa, Dược, Điều dưỡng and Kỹ thuật Y sinh; ten health undergraduate programmes by 2026, including Răng-Hàm-Mặt, Y học cổ truyền, midwifery, hospital management, rehabilitation and laboratory / imaging technology. Pioneering a 1:1 mentoring model.

Trường Đại học Y khoa Tokyo Việt Nam (THUV). Ecopark, Hưng Yên. Founded 22 July 2016; 100% Japanese investment by Waseda Health Sciences Education Corporation. Five Bachelor programmes — Nursing, Physical Therapy, Prosthetics & Orthotics, Laboratory Medicine, Medical Imaging Technology — no MD or B.Pharm. 2025 quota 266. Japanese-language tracks and Japanese instructors; explicit pipeline to nursing employment in Japan.

Trường Đại học Quốc tế Hồng Bàng (HIU). Bình Thạnh, HCMC. Founded 1997; sustained healthcare expansion since the 2010s. Khoa Dược is the strategic flagship — sixteen-year tradition by 2025, fourteen laboratories, more than 4,000 students, 40+ academic staff, eight postgraduate pharmacy programmes. Also runs Y khoa, Răng-Hàm-Mặt, Điều dưỡng and Kỹ thuật Y học.

Trường Đại học Duy Tân (DTU). Đà Nẵng. Founded 1994; the first private MD programme in Central Vietnam and the first private university nationwide to train Bác sĩ Răng-Hàm-Mặt outside HCMC — first dental cohort (sixty students) graduated in October 2024. A 2025 VnExpress report flagged that some dental degrees were withdrawn after a MoET review; the scope is still being clarified.

Trường Đại học Nguyễn Tất Thành (NTTU). Quận 4, HCMC. Pharmacy faculty formed 2008 (Decision 232/2008/QĐ-PHC), upgraded to B.Pharm in 2013; the first private university in HCMC permitted to train Y khoa, on Decision 5839/QĐ-BGDĐT in 2018. Y khoa, Răng-Hàm-Mặt, Dược, Y học cổ truyền, Điều dưỡng.

Trường Đại học Văn Lang (VLU). Bình Thạnh, HCMC. Founded 1995; launched Răng-Hàm-Mặt in 2020 — the first private dental school in HCMC — and has since added Y khoa, Dược, Điều dưỡng and Y học cổ truyền with a roughly VND 40 billion investment in a new dental practice centre.

Trường Đại học Công nghệ TP.HCM (HUTECH). HCMC. Founded 1995. Khoa Dược operating; the 2026 admissions round adds Y khoa and Y học cổ truyền as new health-sciences majors.

Trường Đại học Tân Tạo (TTU). Tây Ninh. Founded 25 November 2010 by Đặng Thị Hoàng Yến; an American-style MD curriculum, ECFMG-listed, preparing students for USMLE Step 1 and 2.

Trường Đại học Võ Trường Toản (VTTU). Châu Thành, Hậu Giang. Founded 18 February 2008. Seven faculties including Y khoa, Răng-Hàm-Mặt and Dược; university hospital VTTU. Tuoi Tre reported in May 2025 that the MoET inspectorate had flagged irregularities at two private health-training universities — VTTU was one of those named.

Trường Đại học Y Dược Buôn Ma Thuột (BMU). Buôn Ma Thuột, Đắk Lắk. Founded 19 August 2014 (Decision 1450/QĐ-TTg); initially Y khoa and Dược, expanded in 2020 to Điều dưỡng and Y tế công cộng; renamed Y Dược in 2022. Private non-profit. Built on the Viện-Trường (hospital-school) model with BV ĐH Y Dược BMT.

Trường Đại học Đại Nam (DNU). Hà Nội. Founded 2007. Khoa Y, Khoa Dược, Khoa Điều dưỡng — Y đa khoa, Dược, Răng-Hàm-Mặt and Điều dưỡng. Private, civilian.

Trường Đại học Kinh doanh và Công nghệ Hà Nội (HUBT). Vĩnh Tuy, Hà Nội. Founded June 1996 by Prof. Trần Phương; Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy authorised on 19 November 2015 (Decision 5738/QĐ-BGDĐT). Notable as a business university that diversified into MD and B.Pharm.

Trường Đại học Nam Cần Thơ (NCTU). Cần Thơ. Founded 2013. Seven faculties including Y khoa, Dược, Răng-Hàm-Mặt, Điều dưỡng, community medicine, biomedical engineering; five-year B.Pharm and six-year MD.

Trường Đại học Quốc tế Miền Đông (EIU). Thủ Dầu Một, Bình Dương. Founded 27 September 2010 by Becamex (Decision 1789/QĐ-TTg); a School of Nursing is operating but no full B.Pharm or MD as of 2026. English-medium.

Trường Đại học Lạc Hồng (LHU). Biên Hòa, Đồng Nai. Founded 24 September 1997 (Decision 790/TTg) — the first private university in Đồng Nai. Pharmacy programme authorised 28 December 2012 (Decision 5845/QĐ-BGDĐT); first B.Pharm cohort 2012; the second pharmacy curriculum in Vietnam to be AUN-QA accredited.

Trường Đại học Yersin Đà Lạt. 27 Tôn Thất Tùng, Đà Lạt, Lâm Đồng. Founded 1997. Dược học (code 7720201), Điều dưỡng (7720301); pipelines for nursing employment in Japan. Semantic continuity with Alexandre Yersin — no organisational link.

Trường Đại học Thành Đô (TDU). Hoài Đức, Hà Nội. Founded 2009. Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy formed 1 March 2013 (Decision 18/QĐ-ĐHTĐ); now offering pharmacy, nursing and an MSc in Clinical Pharmacy.

Trường Đại học Đông Á (EAUT). Đà Nẵng. Founded 2002. Khoa Điều dưỡng-Hộ Sinh long-established; in 2024 officially admitted its first Y khoa cohort. Also offers Dược, dinh dưỡng and rehabilitation technology.

What to watch in 2026–27

Three things are worth tracking. First, the December 2027 first sitting of the National Medical Licensing Exam — content blueprint and pass criteria from the Hội đồng Y khoa Quốc gia are still pending and will reshape final-year curricula at every school listed above. Second, MoET inspectorate activity at private health-training universities: the 2025 actions at Duy Tân (dental degree withdrawals) and the unnamed-second-school finding at VTTU signal that admission-quota and clinical-placement compliance is under sharper supervision. Third, capacity. Vietnam's 14/10,000 doctor density is below the 15/10,000 2025 target and well below upper-middle-income peers; with the practising-licence regime now nationally standardised, the question is whether the system widens (more private schools, more public branches like HMU Thanh Hóa) or deepens (longer residencies, harder licensing) to close the gap.

Sources

• Hanoi Medical University official site (hmu.edu.vn); Wikipedia EN entry on HMU and on the École de Médecine de l'Indochine.
• Trường Đại học Dược Hà Nội — official institutional history (hup.edu.vn).
• Trường Đại học Y Dược TP.HCM (ump.edu.vn); Wikipedia entry on HCMC University of Medicine and Pharmacy.
• Trường Đại học Y Dược Huế (huemed-univ.edu.vn); Hue University news on the 65th anniversary.
• Trường Đại học Y Dược Cần Thơ — English-language history page (engtdhydct.ctump.edu.vn).
• Trường Đại học Y Dược Hải Phòng — 40th-anniversary article (hpmu.edu.vn).
• Trường Đại học Y Dược Thái Bình (old.tbump.edu.vn); Trường Đại học Y Dược, Đại học Thái Nguyên (tump.edu.vn).
• Trường Đại học Y Dược, ĐHQGHN — Wikipedia entry on VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy.
• Trường Đại học Khoa học Sức khỏe — ĐHQG-HCM history page (en.uhsvnu.edu.vn).
• Học viện Quân y — institutional summaries via Wikipedia and Educatly.
• Học viện Y Dược học cổ truyền Việt Nam (vutm.edu.vn); UMP-HCMC Faculty of Traditional Medicine (tradmed.ump.edu.vn).
• Trường Đại học Tây Nguyên (ttn.edu.vn); Phạm Ngọc Thạch UMC (pnt.edu.vn); Trường Đại học Y khoa Vinh.
• Trường Đại học Kỹ thuật Y tế Hải Dương (hmtu.edu.vn); Trường Đại học Kỹ thuật Y - Dược Đà Nẵng (dhktyduocdn.edu.vn); Trường Y Dược — Đại học Đà Nẵng (Báo Chính phủ coverage 6 June 2024).
• Trường Đại học Điều dưỡng Nam Định (20nam.ndun.edu.vn); Trường Y Dược — Đại học Trà Vinh (tvu.edu.vn).
• VinUniversity College of Health Sciences (chs.vinuni.edu.vn); Trường Đại học Phenikaa Khoa Y (md.phenikaa-uni.edu.vn).
• Trường Đại học Y khoa Tokyo Việt Nam (tokyo-human.edu.vn); HIU Khoa Dược (hiu.vn).
• Trường Đại học Duy Tân — Tuổi Trẻ 11 October 2024 (dental graduation) and VnExpress 2025 (degree withdrawal report).
• Trường Đại học Nguyễn Tất Thành (tuyensinh.ntt.edu.vn); Văn Lang University Faculty of Dentistry (vlu.edu.vn).
• HUTECH — Tuổi Trẻ 28 December 2025 on the new Y khoa and Y học cổ truyền majors.
• Trường Đại học Tân Tạo (ttu.edu.vn); Trường Đại học Võ Trường Toản (vttu.edu.vn); Trường Đại học Y Dược Buôn Ma Thuột (bmu.edu.vn).
• Trường Đại học Kinh doanh và Công nghệ Hà Nội (hubt.edu.vn); Trường Đại học Nam Cần Thơ (nctu.edu.vn); Trường Đại học Quốc tế Miền Đông (eiu.edu.vn); Trường Đại học Lạc Hồng Khoa Dược (lhu.edu.vn); Trường Đại học Yersin Đà Lạt (yersin.edu.vn); Trường Đại học Thành Đô (thanhdo.edu.vn); Trường Đại học Đông Á — Tạp chí Công Thương coverage of the first Y khoa cohort.
• Bộ Y tế / Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo — Luật Khám bệnh, chữa bệnh 2023 (Luật 15/2023/QH15) and Nghị định 96/2023/NĐ-CP (Thư Viện Pháp Luật).
• Hội đồng Y khoa Quốc gia — VietnamNet and Vietnam News reporting 2026 on the National Medical Licensing Exam phase-in (2027 / 2028 / 2029).
• Người Lao Động (24 December 2024) and Mekong ASEAN — Vietnam's 2024 doctor-density figure of 14 per 10,000 and the 2025 targets.